Endometrial cancer arises from the lining of the uterus and is one of the most common gynecologic malignancies. It most frequently affects postmenopausal individuals and is often detected early due to abnormal bleeding, a hallmark symptom that prompts timely medical evaluation. Early detection contributes to favorable survival outcomes.

Risk factors include obesity, hormonal imbalances, prolonged estrogen exposure, diabetes, and genetic syndromes such as Lynch syndrome. Understanding these risk elements supports better preventive strategies and patient education.

Diagnostic evaluation begins with pelvic examination, transvaginal ultrasound, and endometrial biopsy. Hysteroscopy allows direct visualization of the uterine cavity and targeted sampling. Imaging modalities such as MRI and CT scans help stage the disease and guide treatment planning.

The primary treatment involves surgical removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Minimally invasive surgical approaches, including laparoscopy and robotics, reduce recovery time and postoperative complications.

Advanced disease may require radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormonal therapy. Progestin-based therapies are effective for select patients, particularly those with hormone-sensitive tumors. Immunotherapy and targeted therapies are emerging as promising options for recurrent or advanced cases.

Ongoing research explores genetic profiling, molecular classification, and personalized treatment strategies to improve clinical outcomes. Understanding tumor biology at a deeper level allows clinicians to design more effective and less toxic interventions.